ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of pure or mixed chemicals for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus fermentum in the samples isolated from distilleries with serious bacterial contamination problems. The biocides, which showed the best results were: 3,4,4' trichlorocarbanilide (TCC), tested at pH 4.0 (MIC = 3.12 mg/l), TCC with benzethonium chloride (CBe) at pH 6.0 (MIC = 3.12 mg/l) and TCC mixed with benzalkonium chloride (CBa) at pH 6.0 (MIC = 1.53 mg /l). If CBa was used in sugar cane milling in 1:1 ratio with TCC, a 8 times reduction of CBa was possible. This formulation also should be tested in fermentation steps since it was more difficult for the bacterium to develop resistance to biocide. There was no inhibition of S. cerevisiae and there were only antibiotics as an option to bacterial control of fuel ethanol fermentation by S. cerevisiae.
ABSTRACT
Many retrospective and prospective studies have been performed to understand the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. The rates of antimicrobial drug resistance among bacterial pathogens are high and now represent a worldwide concern, both in human medicine and veterinary practices. The aim of this review is to describe the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and the risks associated with antimicrobial use in animal production. Pathogens with major impacts on human and animal health are discussed, including multidrug-resistant and extensi- vely drug-resistant Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
Vários estudos retrospectivos e prospectivos têm sido realizados para investigar o aumento e a disseminação de microorganismos resistentes a antimicrobianos. As taxas de resistência entre esses agentes são crescentes e representam uma preocupação mundial, tanto em medicina humana como em veterinária. O objetivo da presente revisão é descrever os mecanismos de resistência antimicrobiana e os riscos associados ao uso de antimicrobianos na produção animal. Os patógenos de maior impacto em saúde humana e animal são abordados, incluindo bactérias Gram-negativas e Grampositivas multirresistentes e extensivamente resistentes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Bacteria , Public Health/methodsABSTRACT
A emergência e a disseminação de bactérias produtoras de betalactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL) têm sido retratadas como grande problema de saúde pública, especialmente no que diz respeito a patógenos associados às infecções relacionadas com a assistência à saúde (IRAS). No Brasil, a maior preocupação inclui as altas taxas de resistência a Klebsiella pneumoniae e Escherichia coli, embora as ESBL estejam amplamente disseminadas entre os membros da família Enterobacteriaceae e sejam descritas como enzimas do tipo TEM, SHV, CTX-M, VEB, BES e GES em diferentes estados. Contudo, as enzimas dos grupos CTX-M-2, CTX-M-8 e CTX-M-9 são as mais prevalentes em território brasileiro. Além do ambiente hospitalar, as ESBL de origem comunitária e ambiental têm sido retratadas. A CTX-M-2 também tem sido identificada em Salmonella, oriunda do ciclo de produção animal, o que é alarmante para o Brasil diante da importância que a exportação de carnes assume para o agronegócio. Dessa forma, faz-se necessária a regulamentação do uso de antimicrobianos em todos os setores, a fim de evitar a disseminação de bactérias resistentes e resguardar a qualidade e a inocuidade dos alimentos. Portanto, o presente estudo visa retratar o panorama geral da epidemiologia das ESBL no Brasil, enfatizando o impacto clínico, ambiental e econômico.
The emergence and dissemination of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase bacteria (ESBL) have been reported as a major public health issue, mainly with regard to nosocomial infections. In Brazil, ESBL are widely disseminated among the Enterobacteriaceae family and enzymes TEM, SHV, CTX-M, VEB, BES and GES have been reported in several states. However, the major concern is the high rates of resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli strains. Currently, ESBL belonging to CTX-M-2, CTX-M-8 and CTX-M-9 subtypes are the most prevalent in Brazil. Apart from nosocomial infections, ESBL bacteria from outpatient and environmental samples have been identified. CTX-M-2 has been identified in Salmonella samples from animal production, which may have dire consequences for agribusiness, particularly meat export in Brazil. Thus, the regulation of antimicrobial agents is vital in order to avoid the dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria and to assure the quality and innocuousness of food products. Therefore, this review aims to report the epidemiology of ESBL in Brazil, focusing on their clinical, environmental and economic impact.